![]() Empirical research is presented, based on interviews with 31 top leaders from 15 countries in six continents. In contrast to these, a spiritual approach to leadership is presented as integrating a leader's inner perspective on the purpose of life and leadership such that this inner perspective is the foundation for decisions and actions in the outer world of business. The article context-ualizes this development within a framework of scientific and economic rationality. 1.1).Ī new global leadership paradigm is gradually emerging, spiritual-based leadership. Both needs are best accomplished by using prior information to predict demand and then adjusting all parameters to meet it (Fig. Fitness constrains regulation to be efficient, which implies preventing errors and minimizing costs. It suggests that the goal of regulation is not constancy, but rather fitness under natural selection. The second model, allostasis (“stability through change”), takes virtually the opposite view. The chapter expands on each of these points. Treating them with drugs to fix low-level mechanisms that are not broken turns out not to work particularly well. For in contrast to the hypertension caused by a constricted renal artery and the diabetes caused by immune destruction of insulin-secreting cells, these newer disorders present no obviously defective mechanism. In medicine, major diseases now rise in prevalence, such as essential hyper-tension and type 2 diabetes, whose causes the homeostasis model cannot explain. Their variations, rather than signifying error, are apparently designed to reduce error. In physiology, evidence accumulates that parameters are not constant. Yet all scientific models eventually encounter new facts that do not fit, and this is now the case for homeostasis. Consequently, they design therapies to restore the “inappropriate” value to “normal.” The homeostasis model has contributed immeasurably to the theory and practice of scientific medicine, so to criticize it might almost seem absurd. Based on this model, physicians reason that when a parameter deviates from its setpoint value, some internal mechanism must be broken. The first model, homeostasis (“stability through constancy”), has dominated physiology and medicine since Claude Bernard declared, “All the vital mechanisms … have only one object – to preserve constant the conditions of … the internal environment.” His dictum has been interpreted literally to mean that the purpose of physiological regulation is to clamp each internal parameter at a “setpoint” by sensing errors and correcting them with negative feedback (Fig. INTRODUCTION This chapter compares two alternative models of physiological regulation.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |